STUDY QUESTIONS
Nerve Tissue
1.
When the membrane potential (i.e. -70 mV) becomes less negative or in other
words, approaches zero, the membrane is said to be:
A.
polarizing
B. hyperpolarizing
C. prepolarizing
D. autopolarizing
E. depolarizing.
2.
An all-or-none nerve fiber impulse, may be triggered by:
A.
a weak below threshold stimulus
B. a weak but threshold stimulus
C. a strong well-above threshold stimulus
D. either, A or B
E. either, B or C.
3.
Resting membrane potential, is defined as:
A.
The movement of sodium ions outside the membrane and the movement of potassium
ions inside the membrane
B. the difference in electrical charges between the inside and outside of a
resting nerve membrane
C. the movement of action potentials along a resting axon
D. the movement of ions along the external surface of a resting membrane.
4.
During an infection of the CNS, you might expect to find an increase in:
A.Schwann
cells
B. microglia
C. astrocytes
D. oligodendrocytes
E. ependymal cells.
5.
Bipolar neurons are located in the:
A.
olfactory mucosa
B. retina of the eye
C. inner ear
D. all of the preceding
E. answers A and B only.
6.
The two principal divisions of the nervous system are the:
A.
afferent nervous system and the efferent nervous system
B. autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system
C. parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
D. saltatory conduction and continuous conduction systems
E. peripheral nervous system and central nervous system
7.
Repolarization of an axon during an action potential is produced by:
A.
inward diffusion of sodium ions
B. extrusion of potassium from the cell by active transport
C. outward diffusion of potassium ions
D. inward diffusion of calcium ions
E. none of the above
- Which of the
following statements is TRUE?
- Peripheral nerve
is similar to smooth muscle in terms of the connective tissue investment
- Most nerves
contain afferent and efferent fibers and thus carry both motor and
sensory signals
- Nodes of Ranvier
are most easily seen in cross-section of peripheral nerve
- None of the above
- Which of the
following cells is reponsible for myelin formation in the peripheral
nervous system?
- Astrocyte
- Oligodendrocyte
- Schwann cell
- Microglial cell
- Satellite cell
- The perineurium is
the connective tissue layer:
- Surrounding an
entire nerve
- Surrounding
individual axons in the CNS
- Surrounding
individual axons in the PNS
- Surrounding
fascicles of axons in the CNS
- Surrounding
fascicles of axons in the PNS
- The peripheral
nervous system includes the:
- Somatic nervous
system
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- Nuclei
- The system that
controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and gland activity is the:
- Somatic nervous
system
- Autonomic nervous
system
- Skeletal division
- Sensory nervous
system
- A neuron with many
short dendrites and a single long axon is a:
- Multipolar neuron
- Bipolar neuron
- Unipolar neuron
- None of the above
- Most sensory
neurons are _____________________ neurons.
- Unipolar
- Bipolar
- Multipolar
- Efferent
- A and b
- A and c
- B and c
- Cells found in the
choroid plexus that secrete cerebrospinal fluid are:
- Astrocytes
- Microglia
- Ependymal cells
- Oligodendrocytes
- Schwann cells
- The most likely
type of fiber that would carry the impulse for a withdrawal reflex would
be a(n):
- A fiber because
they carry the strongest action potentials
- A fiber because
they carry APs the fastest
- B fiber because
they carry APs the fastest
- C fiber because
they carry the strongest APs
- Axons within nerves
may have which of the following associated with them?
- Schwann cells
- Nodes of Ranvier
- Oligodendrocytes
- A and b
- All of the above
- Action potentials
are conducted more rapidly in:
- Small diameter
axons than large diameter axons
- Large diameter
axons than small diameter axons
- Unmyelinated axons
than myelinated axons
- Axons that lack a
wrapping of Schwann cells
- Clusters
of nerve cell bodies within the PNS are called ____________________.
- Gray matter
contains primarily:
- Myelinated fibers
- Neuron cell bodies
- Schwann cells
- All of the above
- Arrange the following
connective tissue structures from the outermost to the innermost.
1.
Endoneurium
2.
Epineurium
3.
Perineurium
Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles that are located
primarily in specialized portions of the:
.
Soma
a.
Axon
b.
Dendrite
c.
Perikaryon
An inhibitory neuron could affect the neuron with which it
synapses by:
.
Producing an IPSP within the neuron
a.
Hyperpolarizing the neuron
b.
Increasing K+ efflux from the neuron
c.
Increasing Cl- influx into the neuron
d.
All of the above
e.
2 of the above
Summation:
.
Is caused by a combining of several local potentials
a.
Can occur when 2 action potentials arrive simultaneously at
2 different presynaptic terminals
b.
Can occur when 2 action potentials arrive in very close
succession at a single presynaptic terminals
c.
All of the above
Which of the following organelles is responsible for the
appearance of Nissl bodies in the cell bodies of motor neurons?
.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
a.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
b.
Golgi apparatus
c.
Mitochondria
d.
Basal bodies
Which of the following structures is a component of a reflex
arc?
.
Afferent neuron
a.
Efferent neuron
b.
Sensory receptor
c.
Effector organ
d.
All of the above
A convergent circuit:
.
Is a positive feedback system that produces many action
potentials
a.
Is a negative feedback system that produces IPSPs
b.
Occurs when multiple neurons synapse onto few neurons
c.
Cannot be affected by a sodium channel blocker
d.
All of the above
The output of a convergent circuit could be:
.
An IPSP
a.
An EPSP
b.
An action potential
c.
All of the above
Which of the following is TRUE of the perineurium?
.
It's a fascia surrounding many bundles of nerve fibers
a.
It's a layer of connective tissue surrounding a singl bundle
(fascicle) of nerve fibers
b.
It's a thin layer of reticular fibers covering individual nerve
fibers
c.
It's an artery-rich fascia covering the external coat of
nerves
Which of the following is TRUE of the sympathetic nervous
system?
.
It's voluntarily controlled via the forebrain
a.
It's voluntarily controlled via the reticular formation
b.
It uses different neurotransmitters at the ganglion and at
the synaptic cleft
c.
It's a subdivision of the somatic nervous system
Santiago Ramon y Cajal proposed that neurons were
dynamically polarized. By this he meant that excitation only spread in one
direction along a neuron. In which part of the neuron did he imagine that the
excitation began and in which direction did it spread?
Can neuroglial cells transmit action potentials from one
nerve cell to another?
What is the difference between grey and white matter of the
CNS?
What are the events whose frequency is being modulated to
transmit information through the nervous system?
The brain and the spinal cord comprise the __________
nervous system. All nerves of the body residing outside of the brain and spinal
cord comprise the ________ nervous system.
Sensory neurons are _________ neurons while ___________
neurons carry motor impulses. The most common type of neuron is the __________
which communicates from one neuron to another.
The branch of the ANS that induces the "fight or
flight" response is the ___________ division.
The cells that support, protect, and nourish the neurons are
the __________.
The cell body of a neuron is known as the _________.
Long extensions off neuronal cell bodies that conduct
impulses away from the cell body are ___________.
The dark granular substance inside neuronal cell bodies is
called __________ and is composed of dense collections of __________ which are
the sites of _____________.
______________ are cells that electrically insulate axons in
the CNS. The insulation is composed of _________.
____________ is a CNS disease where the _________ of motor
neurons is degenerating or being destroyed, which interferes with neuronal
impulses. This is a progressive disease that causes widespread motor deficits.
_______ cells are specialized epithelial cells in the CNS
that produce cerebrospinal fluid.
- The brain and
spinal cord comprise the _____ nervous system. All nerves of the body
residing outside of the brain and spinal cord comprise the _____ nervous
system.
- Sensory neurons are
also referred to as _____ neurons while _____ neurons carry motor
impulses. The most common type of neuron is the _____ which communicates
from one neuron to another.
- The branch of the
autonomic nervous system that induces the "flight or fight"
response is the_____.
- The cells that
support, nourish and protect neurons are the _____.
- The cell body of a
neuron is the _____.
- Long extensions off
neuronal cell bodies that conduct impulses away from the cell are _____.
- The dark granular
substance inside neuronal cell bodies are called _____. It is composed of
dense collections of _____ where _____ occurs.
- _____ are cells
that electrically insulate neuronal axons in the central nervous system.
This electrical insulation is referred to as _____.
- _____ is a CNS
disease where the _____ of motor neurons is degenerating or being
destroyed, which interferes with neuronal impulses. This is a progressive
disease that causes widespread motor deficits.
- _____ are
specialized epithelial cells in the CNS that produce _____.
- In general,
positively charged ions are termed _____.
- On the inner cell
membrane surface of a resting neuron, there is an accumulation of _____ charge.
- In electrical
terms, "potential" is synonymous with "_____".
- An
"excitable" cell is one that can quickly and dramatically change
its resting membrane potential. Two types of examples of excitable cells
include _____ and _____ cells.
- The typical
neuronal resting membrane potential measures approximately _____.
- A neuronal impulse
is also referred to as an _____, which indicates that it is a
"moving" region of "voltage change" that migrates
along the neuronal cell membrane.
- There is a greater
concentration of _____ions accumulating on the outer surface of resting
neuronal membranes than on the inner surface.
- The two ways ions
may pass across a membrane involve using _____ channels and _____
channels.
- The Na/K pump
operates by transporting three _____ ions out of the cell while
transporting two _____ ions into the cell.
- _____-gated ion
channels open or close only in response to a change in the nearby membrane
potential.
- Neurotransmitters
bind to specific _____ on the neuronal cell surface. This binding triggers
the opening of ion channels that temporarily change the nearby membrane
potential. These small, variable, transient changes in membrane potential
are referred to as _____ potentials.
- When _____ charged
ions flow into a neuron, the resting membrane potential becomes less
negative.
- Voltage-gated _____
channels are triggered to open when the resting membrane potential reaches
about _____which is referred to as the _____ potential.
- When enough
excitatory stimuli act on a neuronal cell, _____-gated Na+ channels on the
axon _____ (or "trigger zone") open. Opening of these channels
results in the movement of Na+ _____ the cell which causes the inside
charge to become more _____.
- _____ of Na+ causes
_____ of the membrane, which is the first phase of the action potential.
- _____ is an example
of a drug that block the opening of Na+ channels, thus blocking the
initiation of neuronal action potentials.
- After the first
phase of the action potential, the _____ channels becomes inactivated
while the _____ channels begin to open.
This occurs when the membrane potential reaches approximately _____. The
opening of these channels results in the _____ movement of _____. This
second phase of the action potential is the _____ phase.
- The second phase of
the action potential ends when the membrane potential reaches about _____
which triggers the inactivation of the _____ channels.
- The _____ period of
an action potential causes that region of membrane be temporarily
unresponsive to another stimulus. This ensures that action potentials
migrate in one direction, namely, away from the _____.
- Overall, two
important factors drive the movement of Na+ and K+ across the membranes.
These are the _____ gradient and the _____ gradient.
- For any given
neuron, all action potentials are of the same intensity. This is referred
to as the "_____" principle. In order to alter the intensity of
a given neuronal stimulus, the _____ of firing of action potentials is
increased.
- Action potentials
travel fastest in axons that are _____ and _____. The fastest neuronal
axon fibers are A-type fibers. These carry _____ and _____ motor signals.
The slowest fibers are the C-type fibers. These fibers are _____ and _____
so they transmit action potentials much slower than A-type fibers.
- At the axon
terminals, voltage-gated _____ channels open in response to the arriving
action potential. This triggers _____ vesicles to release _____ into the
_____.
- Most neurons in the
CNS communicate with _____ to _____ other neurons.
- The small
extensions off of the neuronal cell bodies that receive stimuli are _____.
- Small, variable
intensity, transient changes in membrane potential that moves the
potential closer to threshold are referred to as _____ post-synaptic
potentials or "____".
- Small variable
intensity, transient changes in membrane potential that moves the
potential further away from threshold are referred to as _____
post-synaptic potentials or "____".
- _____ is a common
inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS.
- Movement of Cl-
into a neuronal cell would make a neuron _____ likely to fire an action
potential.
84)
The central nervous system is comprised of the brain and _____.
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85)
The______of a neuron carries the impulse towards the nucleus.
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86)
Which part of a neuron is directly involved with protein synthesis?
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87)
Which part of a neuron comes in close proximity to another neuron at the
synapse?
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88)
The phagocytic cells in the CNS are the ______.
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89)
The _____cells provide a means of acquiring nutrients in the brain.
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90)
The resting potential of a neuron is _____mv.
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91)
The minimal stimulus needed to cause a neuron to transmit an impulse is
called the _____.
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92)
The most common neurotransmitter in the body is _____.
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93)
Acetylcholine is decomposed by _____almost as fast as it is released.
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94) A
morphine-like pain suppressing brain substance is _____.
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95) A
drug, which prevents overstimulation by the PNS neurons, is _____.
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D)
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tricyclic
anti-depressant
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96)
Which type of short neuron is found in the retina?
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97)
The nucleus of a sensory neuron can be found within the _____.
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98)
The PNS is comprised of cranial nerves and _____.
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99)
Nerves that carry impulses from the heart to the brain could be classed as
_____fibers.
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100)
The cells that produce myelin in the PNS are the ______.
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101)
The ______cells play a role in the establishment of a blood-brain chemical
barrier.
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102)
Branched nerve fibers that convey local potential changes toward the cell
body of a neuron are called _____________.
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103)
Myelin sheaths on the outsides of many axons in the peripheral nervous system
are contributed by ______________.
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D)
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the
cell bodies of the neuron
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104)
A neuron with many nerve fibers arising from its cell body and that carries
impulses away from the brain would be classified as __________________.
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105)
Which types of neurons are likely to increase muscular activities?
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106)
The _______________ are the types of neuroglial cells that provide myelin in
the central nervous system.
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107)
Which type of neuroglial cells help regulate the composition of cerebrospinal
fluid?
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108)
Cut neurons in the PNS possess limited capabilities for regeneration. The
type of neuroglial cell that aids regeneration by forming a regeneration tube
to help reestablish the former connection is the _______________.
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109)
At resting potential, the ion distribution inside and outside of a neuron is
such that __________ ions are most abundant on the outside of the cell, while
__________ ions are most abundant on the inside of the cell.
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110)
When a neuron reaches action potential, it depolarizes and repolarizes in an
amount of time on the order of ________________.
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111)
Excessive sleeping is most likely due to the presence of too much of which
neurotransmitter?
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112)
Myasthenia gravis reflects a deficiency in communication by _______________
because receptors for this neurotransmitter have been destroyed.
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113)
The levels of which neurotransmitter are affected by the mood-elevator,
cocaine?
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114)
Fibers that originate from different parts of the nervous system and lead to
the same neuron are exhibiting _____________.
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115)
Which term does not belong with the others?
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116)
The cells that conduct messages towards the brain are the_______________.
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117)
Nerves impulses always travel to the brain through _____ fibers.
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118)
The myelin sheath around a neuron in the PNS is actually produced by the
_______________.
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119)
Which of these cells does not belong with the others?
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120)
The _____ cells are capable of removing a blood clot from the brain.
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121)
Which of these is true when a neuron is at rest?
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A)
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the
outside is positive
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B)
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the
outside is negative
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D)
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the
inside is positive
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122)
The most common neurotransmitter in the body is _____.
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123)
A damaged phrenic nerve would heal more slowly than a severed spinal nerve.
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124)
Oligodendrocytes can be found within the brain.
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125)
Nodes of Ranvier are only found on motor axons.
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126)
There is a higher concentration of K+ outside of a resting neuron
than Na+.
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127)
The axon nerve impulse is self-propagating and occurs in the direction
towards the cell body.
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128)
A synapse is a junction between two dendrites.
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129)
Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine and serotonin are classed as monoamine
neurotransmitters.
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130)
Food additives, such as MSG (monosodium glutamate) derived from glutamic
acid, could act as neurotransmitters.
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131)
Neurotransmitters are usually released into the synaptic vesicles during
depolarization.
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132)
Motor neurons usually have one axon and several dendrites.
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133)
Nervous tissue includes areas of connective tissue.
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134)
Somatic afferent fibers would carry sensory impulses away from the brain,
towards areas such as the eye.
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135)
Most brain tumors arise from neuroglial cell overgrowth.
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136)
A damaged CNS nerve could not regenerate as easily as a PNS fiber.
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137)
The ion that always moves in a membrane direction opposite to sodium is K+.
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138)
Calcium channels open during synaptic transmission.
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139)
Having myelin increases the velocity of conduction.
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140)
Sodium moves out of an axon as it is depolarizing.
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141)
Vesicles are intracellular accumulation of neurotransmitter.
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142)
Motor neurons receive impulses from the muscles in order to regulate
glandular secretions.
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143)
The nucleus of a neuron is always located within the cell body region.
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144)
All neurons have at least one dendrite but one or more axons.
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145)
Motor neurons usually have a more complex structure than sensory neurons.
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146)
Only axons are capable of conducting action potentials.
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147)
The oligodendrocytes are capable of producing the myelin sheath that will
wrap around a spinal nerve.
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148)
When a neuron is resting, the outside has more potassium ions than the
inside.
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149)
The nodes of Ranvier function in slowing the conduction of the impulse.
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150)
The enzyme acetylcholinesterase acts to keep the signal duration short
between certain neurons or between neurons and skeletal muscle fibers.
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